Development of Modern Chemistry

PREFACE I THE FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY 1. Prelude to Cheistry ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER THE ALCHEMICAL HERITAGE THE MEDICAL HERITAGE THE TECHNOLOGICAL HERITAGE THE BEGINNING OF HOUSECLEANING 2. Pneumatic Chemistry STEPHEN HALES JOSEPH BLACK HENRY CAVENDISH JOSEPH PRIESTLEY CARL WILHELM SCHEELE II THE PERIOD OF FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES 3. Lavoisier and the Chemical Revolution THE ATTACH ON THE PHLOGISTON THEORY RISE OF THE NEW CHEMISTRY SCIENCE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 4. Chemical Combination and the Atomic Theory RISE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AFFINITY CONCEPTS EQUIVALENCES AND COMBINING PROPORTIONS "HIGGINS, DALTON, AND THE ATOMIC THEORY" BERZELIUS AND ATOMIC SYMBOLS GAY-LUSSAC AND COMBINING VOLUMES AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS 5. Electrochemistry and the Dualistic Theory THE DISCOVERY OF CHEMICAL ELECTRICITY INVESTIGATIONS OF CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY BERZELIUS AND THE DUALISTIC THEORY FARADY AND THE ELECTROCHEMICAL LAWS 6. The Period of Problems THE ATOMIC WEIGHT PROBLEM BERZELIUS' EARLY EFFORTS THE LAW OF PETIT AND DULONG THE LAW O ISOMORPHISM DUMAS AND THE DETERMINATION OF VAPOR DENSITIES EQUIVALENTS PROUT'S HYPOTHESIS CONCEPTS ABOUT ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS 7. Organic Chemistry I. Rise of Organic Chemistry KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN 1800 VITALISM INVESTIGATION OF NEW COMPOUNDS ISOMERISM ELEMENTARY ORGANIC ANALYSIS ATOMIC WEIGHT OF CARBON GROWTH OF THE RADICAL THEORY SUBSTITUTION AND THE TYPE THEORY STUDIES OF POLYBASIC ACIDS 8. Organic Chemistry II. Organizaation THE CHAOS OF THE 1840'S THE ORGANIZING EFFORTS OF LAURENT AND GERHARDT THE NEW TYPE THEORY THE CONCEPT OF VALENCE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF KEKULÉ AND COUPER CANNIZZARO AND THE RETURN TO AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS 9. Classification of the Elements DISCOVERY OF NEW ELEMENTS EARLY ATTEMPTS AT CLASSIFICATION IMMEDIATE PRECURSORS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE THE PERIODIC LAW OF MENDELEEV AND MEYER SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS III THE GROWTH OF SPECIALIZATION 10. The Diffusion of Chemical Knowledge CHEMICAL EDUCATION TO 1825 DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORIES LIEBIG AND THE GIESSEN LABORATORY EXTENSIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA CHEMICAL PUBLICATIONS THE RISE OF CHEMICAL SOCIETIES 11. Analytical Chemistry I. Systematization THE PLACE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY THE FRESENIUS LABORATORY QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GRAVIMETRIC METHODS ANALYTICAL BALANCES ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS GAS ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS ORGANIC ANALYSIS 12. Organic Chemistry III. Consolidation THE PROBLEM OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE STEREOCHEMISTRY DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF SYNTHESIS COMMUNICATION 13. Organic Chemistry IV. Natural Products CARBOHYDRATES PURINES PROTEINS TERPENES 14. Inorganic Chemistry I. Fundamental Developments GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS DISCOVERY OF FLUORINE MOISSAN AND THE ELECTRIC FURNACE THE RARE GASES THE RARE EARTHS WERNER AND THE COORDINATION COMPLEXES 15. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I. ORIGINS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION THE DEVELOPMENT OF KINETIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS DYNAMIC OF REACTIONS THEORY OF SOLUTIONS COLLOID CHEMISTRY 16. "Biological Chemistry I. Agricultural, Physiological, and Food Studies" PHOTOSYNTHESIS SOIL CHEMISTRY AND PLANT GROWTH PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE RESPIRATION AND ENERGY BALANCES FERMENTATION AND PUTREFACTION PUBLIC HEALTH 17. Chemical Industry I. The Nineteenth Century THE RISE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SULFURIC ACID ALKALIES BLEACHING CHEMICALS FERTILIZERS   EXPLOSIVES GASEOUS FUELS AND ILLUMINANTS COAL TAR CHEMICALS AND THE SYNTHETIC DYE INDUSTRY PHARMACEUTICALS OTHER ORGANIC FINE CHEMICALS GLASS METALLURGY ELECTROCHEMISTRY IV THE CENTURY OF THE ELECTRON 18. Radiochemistry I. Radioactivity and Atomic Structure SHORTCOMINGS OF THE DALTONIAN ATOM GAS DISCHARGE TUBES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES RADIOACTIVITY THE STRUCTURAL ATOM 19. Radiochemistry II. The Nuclear Age TRANSMUTATION ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY NUCLEAR FISSION NEPTUNIUM AND PLUTONIUM EXPLOITATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 20. Physical Chemistry II. Maturity CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS KINETICS CHEMICAL BONDING SOLUTION THEORY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS) SPECTROSCOPY PHOTOCHEMISTRY COLLOID CHEMISTRY AND HIGH PO