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Qing Perceptions of Anti-Chinese Violence in the United States
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This book concerns Qing perceptions of Anti-Chinese§violence in the United States. Before the Opium War,§the number of overseas Chinese was ignored by the§Qing government, which labeled them as deserters or political conspirators . The Opium War (1839-1842)§resulted in a humiliating treaty, and the opening of§the Treaty ports in the 1840s quickened the process§of Chinese immigration. These increases in the number§of overseas Chinese immigrants led to ill-treatment§and violence in the American West including the 1880§Denver Riot and the 1885 Rock Springs Chinese§massacre. After an initial period of ignoring§emigration and emigrants, the government of the Qing§dynasty was quite concerned about the welfare of its§subjects abroad, but that it was quite new to the§game of international diplomacy in the arena of§nations. China s efforts to protect its subjects§abroad were thus stymied by that lack of experience,§and by the fact that it did not have much real§leverage, either in economic or military power, to§persuade other states to extend the same benefits to§Chinese immigrants as they generally did to European§immigrants.
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