Chromium in water- Phytoremediation using Spirodela polyrhiza

Uncontrolled discharge of municipal, agricultural and manufacturing wastes into the aquatic environment lead to water contamination as it contains a variety of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Co), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), etc. Several heavy metals persevered in residue may be gradually released into the water, and are lethal for human when taken in excess amount. Among those metals, one of the world's most significant and tactical material Chromium (Cr), particularly, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), a human carcinogen exploits in plating operation, aluminum anodizing, paint, dye operation, welding on stainless steel . When melting chromium metal exposed in the environment with waste water released from industry, it turns into a threat to aquatic flora and fauna, consequently, human health when exceeds the acceptable amount of exposure. Duckweed based wastewater treatment systems have demonstrated great efficiency in treating domestic wastewater within net profit. Furthermore, depending on wastewater characteristics, duckweed used for removing contaminates from wastewater can be served as an animal feed.