Chemical Sensors Based on Carbon Paste Electrodes

Chemical sensors are widely used nowadays for the detection and determination of a variety of chemical, biological and environmental species. In this regard, carbon paste electrodes are attractive due to their high sensitivity, ease of preparation and low cost. This work presents an introduction for chemical sensors with special emphasis on carbon paste electrodes and their application in drug analysis. It also covers recent advances in the use of carbon paste electrodes in the electrochemical analysis of enzymes, organic and inorganic pollutants. Recently, doping the carbon paste with a chemical modifier has attracted the researchers' attention for the design of a new generation of sensors that are inherently sensitive and selective towards electroactive species of interest. For example, we study carbon paste electrodes modified with ion exchangers for the potentiometric determination of doxycycline hydrochloride in pure solutions and pharmaceutical preparations in batch and flow injection conditions. Considering the progress that has been achieved in this field, carbon paste electrodes are expected to play an essential role in environmental monitoring and drug analysis.