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Bardism, Iolo Morganwg's idiosyncratic bardo-druidic vision, was an alternative, radicalized version of Wales' genuine professional poetic tradition. Its inventive Primitivist framework, hinged on the twin concepts of barbarity and civility, served to validate contemporary Welsh image and identity. It furnished the nation with an enviable pantheon of heroes and provided it with its first indigenous national institution: the Gorsedd of the Bards. By asserting liberty, equality, freedom of speech and opposition to war, Bardism repudiated tired contemporary stereotypes of the barbarous Celt. Equally motivate by regional and personal concerns, Bardism's intellectual framework also accommodated the primacy of Glamorgan and proved a valuable means of self definition for Iolo, allowing him to shape his own posthumous reputation. This volume's discussion of the layers of national, regional and personal identity in Bardism also brings into focus bardic nationalism and the tensions involved in the expression of national and regional loyalties. It also includes a selection of Iolo's highly stimulating writings on these subjects.